Webnotes

a. (Introduction, p. 10) Besides toying with the promise and pitfalls of technological determinism – or the idea of the Europeanized nation-state as an artefact of the printed book – Marshall McLuhan was an enthusiastic and assiduous reader of Joyce’s Finnegans Wake. In The Gutenberg Galaxy (1962) he described it as ‘an entirely new form of expression’ designed ‘to capture the complex interplay of factors’ that underpinned his own central thesis, namely, that ‘print and nationalism are axiological or co-ordinate, simply because by print a people sees itself for the first time’ (246-47). He also traced his own critique of the way the ‘West’ privileges the visual, at the expense of the ‘audile-tactile’, back to Joyce and understood the Wake as a revolutionary experiment in writing designed to awaken the ‘mesmerized and homogenous servants’ of print and the nation from their ‘Night’ (297-98). In War and Peace in the Global Village (1968), which McLuhan co-produced with the graphic designer and inventive book artist Quentin Fiore, he used extensive quotations from the Wake as a gloss on his own text. As the blurb puts it, the ‘marginal quotes’ are ‘a tribute to the man who was first to write about the electrical retribalization of the West.’ War and Peace, which focuses on the propensity of the new media to fuel violence and division, is a less sanguine appraisal of the electronic age than Gutenberg Galaxy. The rise of the internet in the 1990s saw a revival of McLuhanite technological utopianism perhaps best exemplified by John Perry Barlow’s ‘Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace‘ (1996) which articulated a new anti-statist vision of a digital ‘Republic of Letters’. As Timothy Garton Ash shows in Free Speech: Ten Principles for a Connected World (2016) that dream did not survive the first decades of the new century when corporate and then state interests began to refashion and in some cases re-nationalize the web for their own commercial and political purposes. For a summary account of my own take on Finnegans Wake and the modern state, see Fourth Proposition. (I have cited the 2011 Toronto University Press edition of The Gutenberg Galaxy and the 2001 Gingko Press edition of War and Peace here.)

b. (Introduction, p. 16) For more on Tagore’s educational ideals and Visva-Bharati, see L. K. Elmhirst and Rabindranath Tagore, Rabindranath Tagore: Pioneer in Education (London: John Murray, 1961); K. C. Mukherjee, ‘Tagore: Pioneer in Education’, British Journal of Educational Studies, 18.1 (1970): 69–81; Uma Das Gupta, ‘Using a Poet’s Archive to Write the History of a University: Rabindranath Tagore and Visva-Bharati‘, Science and Culture (July-August 2013), 266-72; Martha C. Nussbaum, Political Emotions (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2013); and Ranjan Ghosh, Aesthetics, Politics, Pedagogy and Tagore: Towards a Transcultural Philosophy of Education (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017). Also worth consulting in this context is Michael Collins, Empire, Nationalism and the Postcolonial (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012).

c. (Introduction, p. 20) The first image below shows the statue of the enthroned, book-bearing King James I (1566-1625) on the tower on east side of the Bodleian Quad in Oxford. James is flanked by figures representing fame on his right and the university on his left. The second shows the inscription bearing Sir Thomas Bodley’s (1545-1613) initials above the main entrance on the west side. The Quad was completed in 1619. The translations of the inscriptions come from Reginald H. Adams, Latin Inscriptions in Oxford (Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2015), 3-4. As Adams notes, ‘Republic of Letters‘ can also be translated as ‘the commonwealth of the educated or learned’.

 

 

d. (Introduction, p. 21) For a fuller history of English studies and the modern university, see D. J. Palmer, The Rise of English Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965); Chris Baldick, The Social Mission of English Criticism, 1848-1932 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983); Gerald Graff, Professing Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); Ian Hunter, Culture and Government (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988); Gauri Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989); Franklin E. Court, Institutionalizing English Literature (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992); John Guillory, Cultural Capital (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993); Lawrence Goldman, Dons and Workers: Oxford and Adult Education since 1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); J. B. Harrison, ‘English as a University Subject in India and England’, Transmission of Knowledge in South Asia, ed. Nigel Crook (New Delhi: Oxford University press, 1996), 155-89; Stefan Collini, ‘Cambridge and the Study of English’, Cambridge Contributions, ed. Sarah J. Ormond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 42-64; Christopher Hilliard, English as a Vocation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); and Alexandra Lawrie, The Beginnings of University English: Extramural Study, 1885-1910 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2014).

e. (Chapter 1, p. 37) Paper always has a story to tell. In the case of Matthew Arnold’s ‘Culture and its Enemies‘ (1867), the last lecture he gave as Oxford Professor of Poetry, the sheets on which he drafted the manuscript say something about the circles in which he was moving and the roles he was juggling at the time. They also cast a new light on his defence of classical culture and state-sponsored national Bildung. As the manuscript images below reveal, he began writing on official Education Department stationary and then switched to paper bearing the embossed letterhead of the Anthenaeum, the prestigious London club to which he and his chosen adversary John Bright both belonged. A private members’ club founded in 1824, the Athenaeum was, and still largely is, for eminent men of ‘science, literature or the arts’ – it first admitted women as equal members in 2002. In Ancient Athens, the Athenaeum was a temple in which poets, philosophers and orators met to read and discuss their work.

Like Literae Humaniores, nineteenth-century Oxford’s flagship undergraduate course, which Arnold studied at Balliol College in the early 1840s, the club embodied the classical ideals he espoused and the nineteenth-century elite generally shared – hence the provocative force of Bright’s comments about ‘a smattering of the two dead languages of Latin and Greek’. As the statue above the main portico, the mosaic flooring, and the embossed letterhead indicate, it was named in honour of the Greek goddess Athene, and the palatial clubhouse on Pall Mall in London, completed in 1827, was designed in the neoclassical style. Like many such buildings scattered across the globe (see a and b), it gives architectural expression to a once dominant way of thinking interculturally: treating one culture, or idea of that culture, as standard-setting and making its forms and ideals a definitive part of your own (see Fifth Proposition). As the various changes to first sentence of the manuscript show, Arnold initially called Bright ‘that famous orator’, before considering ‘tried and famous’ and then opting for ‘famous liberal’, giving a greater centrality to his party-political affiliation. In the final published version he calls him ‘that fine speaker and famous Liberal’.

f. (Chapter 1, p. 38) For the ongoing debates about Arnold’s legacy, see Raymond Williams, Culture and Society: 1780-1950 (London: Chatto and Windus, 1958);  Edward W. Said, ‘Nationalism, Human Rights, and Interpretation’ Raritan, 12 (1993): 26-51; Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, ed. Samuel Lipman (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994); Stefan Collini, Matthew Arnold: A Critical Portrait (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994); Terry Eagleton, The Idea of Culture (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000); Robert J. C. Young, The Idea of English Ethnicity (Oxford: Blackwell, 2008); Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, Something Torn and New (New York: BasicCivitas, 2009); and Helen Small, The Value of the Humanities (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).

g. (Chapter 1, p. 44) The following image shows James Murray’s notes on the word ‘orange’ for the lecture series on ‘English Words’ he gave to undergraduates studying English at Oxford in 1911:

h. (Chapter 1, p. 49) To emphasize the fact that the English word ‘plunder’ is borrowed from German (plundern, literally ‘to rob a household of its furnishings’), the British Council film on the ‘History of the English Language’ (1943) included the following cartoon image. To see the film, click here.

i. (Chapter 2, p. 98) For an Excel spreadsheet detailing the contributors to T.S. Eliot’s Criterion, click here: Criterion contributors list. I am grateful to Charne Lavery for compiling this census.

j. (Chapter 3, p. 113) The following image shows the ‘Proclamation’ as it appeared in Eugene Jolas’s little magazine transition (16-17) in June 1929. For more details, click here and for an account of the genre of the manifesto, see Martin Puchner, Poetry of the Revolution (2005). The ‘Proclamation’, which Puchner does not discuss, both confirms and challenges some of his central claims. If it combines ‘performative intervention’ with ‘theatrical posing’ (5) on the part of an artistic collective – characteristic features of the genre – it does not succeed in turning the Wake into an instance of what Puchner calls ‘manifesto art’ – ‘an art forged in the image of the manifesto’ (6). As I argue in the book, the mismatch between Joyce’s project and Jolas’s is more telling than any real or imagined convergences, not only because it highlights the tensions between collective and individual endeavours within avant garde groups but because it exposes the gulf between the manifesto as a genre and individual acts of writing. Conspicuously Joyce is not among the signatories to the ‘Proclamation’.

k. (Prologue to Part 2, p. 156) Group of experts convened to advise on UNESCO’s Fundamental Education programme in 1947 under the general direction of Julian Huxley, H. E. Wilson, and Sir Alfred Zimmern. Zimmern, a fellow Oxford-trained Classicist, had worked closely with Gilbert Murray in the League of Nations. The details come from UNESCO, Fundamental Education: Common Ground for all Peoples (New York: Macmillan, 1947), 263-72. To watch footage of the conference for the establishment of UNESCO in London on 16 November 1945 at which the constitution was first read, click here.

Name	Background	Nationality	Region
Martinez BAEZ	Under Secretary, Health and Welfare Department, Mexico; Mexican Delegate to the World Health Organization, Mexican Delegate to UNESCO.	Mexico	S AMERICA
Augustin Nieto CABALLERO	Colombian Ambassador to Chile; Director of Primary and Secondary Schools, Colombia; Rector, Universidad National, Colombia; Rector, Ginmasio Moderno, Bogota.	Columbia	S AMERICA
A. TEIXEIRA	Professor of Education, Institute of Education, Bahia; Director, Department of Education, Federal District, Rio de Janeiro. Brazil; Professor of Education, University of the Federal District.	Brazil	S AMERICA
Elena Cuellar TORRES.	Organizer and Administrator, Experimental Rural Education Mission, Agricultural Department, Mexico; General Supervisor of Rural Education, Ministry of Education, Mexico.	Mexico	S AMERICA
H. B. ALLEN	Director of Education, Near East Foundation.	US	N AMERICA
L. A. FREE	Director of Research and Planning. International Film Foundation, editor Public Opinion Quarterly, Princeton University.	US	N AMERICA
E. GABRIEL	Head of the Supervision Section Rural Education Division Haiti; Head of the Section of Urban Primary Education and Teacher Training, Haiti.	Haiti	N AMERICA
J. W. GUITON	Associate Professor, Bryn Mawr College, USA, Acting Head, Section of University Relations, Institute of Intellectual Co-operation, Paris.	US	N AMERICA
Donn V. HART	Research Assistant for the Study of American Teaching Materials on the Soviet Union, American Council on Education.	US	N AMERICA
Henry W. HOLMES	Professor of Education, Harvard University, editor of the report.	US	N AMERICA
Thomas Jesse JONES	Educational Director, Phelps-Stokes Fund, U.S.A.	US	N AMERICA
Isaac L. KANDEL	Professor of Education, International Institute, Teachers College, Columbia University.	US	N AMERICA
L. KENWORTHY	Head of the Social Studies Department, Friends Central School, Overbrook, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.	US	N AMERICA
Frank Charles LAUBACH	Maranaw Folk Schools, Lanao, Philippines; teacher and leader of literacy campaigns in India, Africa, Mexico, Central and South America, Philippines, etc.; Special Counsellor and Representative, Committee on World Literacy and Christian Literature.	US	N AMERICA
H. Ormonde McCONNELL	Pastor, Methodist Church, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Acting Chairman, Methodist Churches of Haiti; General Secretary, Haitian Government committee on Illiteracy.	Haiti	N AMERICA
Margaret MEAD	Anthropologist, social scientist; Associate Curator of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.	US	N AMERICA
Albert CHARTON	Inspecteur Général de l’Instruction Publique, Ministère de la France d’Outre Mer, 1946.	France	EUROPE
Bertie Harry EASTER	Director of Education, Acting Colonial Secretary, Grenada, Jamaica.	Jamaica	EUROPE
W. C. FARR	British Ministry of Information, Films Division.	UK	EUROPE
Hope HAY	Missionary, London Missionary Society; at present engaged in experiment in Mass Education for Northern Rhodesia Government.	UK	EUROPE
Beatrice KING	Specialist on Soviet Education; Chair, Education Committee, Society for Cultural Relations between the Peoples of the British Commonwealth and the USSR; Assistant Editor Anglo-Soviet Journal.	UK	EUROPE
H. LABOURET	Former Professor of Sudanese, National School of French Overseas Territories; National School of Oriental Languages, Institute of Anthropology. School of Political Sciences: former head of the International Institute of African Languages and Civilisations.	France	EUROPE
R. S. LAMBERT	Supervisor of Educational Broadcasts, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; Editor, The Listener British Broadcasting Corporation.	UK	EUROPE
J. A. LAUWERYS	Reader in Education, University of London.	UK	EUROPE
C. K. OGDEN	Linguist; editor Psyche; inventor of Basic English; Director of Orthological Institute, London.	UK	EUROPE
Henning RAVNHOLT	Head of Education Department, Danish Cooperative Wholesale Society; Lecturer. Borup Folk high School, Copenhagen.	Denmark	EUROPE
Margaret READ	Anthropologist; Reader in Education, University of London.	UK	EUROPE
I.A. RICHARDS	University Professor, Harvard University; Director, Harvard Commission on English Language Studies.	UK	EUROPE
R. W. VAN DIFFELEN	Sub-Director of Education and Public Worship, Netherlands Indies; Ministry of Overseas Territories, Plein, The Hague, Holland.	Holland	EUROPE
Frank Harvey VIVIAN	Exchange teacher, Training College for Teachers, Bonn University, Germany; Assistant Master, Wellington College, England and Clifton College, England; Education Officer, R.A.F., P.O.W. Camps, Germany.	UK	EUROPE
Margaret WRONG	Secretary, International Committee on Christian Literature for Africa ; Editor, Books for Africa.	UK	EUROPE
Yuan Ren CHAO	Research Fellow and Chief of Section of Linguistics, Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica; on leave for research and instruction at University of Hawaii, Yale University, Harvard University.	China	ASIA
Ranjit Mohan CHETSINGH	Editor, Indian Journal of Adult Education; Honorary General Secretary, Indian Adult Education Association ; Head, Quaker Centre, Delhi; Lecturer in Sociology and Economics, Delhi College of Nursing	India	ASIA
B. C. GUHA	Chief Technical Adviser, Food Department, Government of India; Professor of Applied Chemistry, Calcutta University.	India	ASIA
Francis. L. K. HSU	Professor of Social Anthropology, National Yunnan University, Kunming, China; Lecturer on Anthropology, Columbia University, N.Y.	China	ASIA
Yu-shou KUO	Chair; Member of the Council of the Szechwan Provincial Government; Commissioner of Education, Province of Szechwan; Professor, National Szechwan University and West China Union University, Adviser to the Chinese Delegation to the United Nations.	China	ASIA
Cheng-su WANG	Professor of Education, National Chekiang University, China.	China	ASIA
Chu-pei YETI	Director of Metallurgical Research, Laboratory of the National Resources Commission, U.S.A.; Member Chinese Technical Missions to U.S.A. and Great Britain.	China	ASIA
Mohamed Bey AWAD	Head, Department of Geography, Fnad I University, Egypt; Chief Publicity Censor, Egypt; Adviser to the Egyptian Delegation to the San Francisco Conference.	Egypt	ARAB STATES
Hassan Ahmed SALMAN	Director of Rural Education; Ministry of Education, Baghdad, Iraq.	Iraq	ARAB STATES
Mekki ABBAS	Adult Education Officer, Bakht er Ruda, Sudan Government.	Sudan	AFRICA
A. G. DICKSON	Education Officer, East Africa.	East Africa	AFRICA
V. L. GRIFFITHS	Principal, Bakht er Ruda, Sudan.	Sudan	AFRICA
Ellen HELLMAN	Executive Committee, South African Institute of Race Relations and South African Jewish Board of Deputies; Chair, Johannesburg Joint Council of Europeans and Africans.	South Africa	AFRICA
J.D. JONES	Lecturer on Race Relations, University of Witwatersrand ; Secretary, Witwatersrand Council of Education; Member of Advisory Council of Labour; President of Sections E and P. South African Association for the Advancement of Science; Founder and Director, South African Institute of Race Relations.	South Africa	AFRICA
Ismail KABBANI	Institute of Education. Cairo, Egypt; Technical Adviser to the Egyptian Ministry of Education.	Egypt	AFRICA
Quintin WHYTE	Assistant Director, South African Institute of Race Relations; Assistant Secretary, Witwatersrand.	South Africa	AFRICA

l. (Prologue to Part 2, p. 160) Group of experts UNESCO convened in 1967 to advise on cultural policy and development. The details come from Mauricio Bustamante, ‘L’UNESCO et la culture: construction d’une catégorie d’intervention internationale, du “dévelopment culturel” à la “diversité culturelle”’, Doctoral thesis (École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, 2014), 80-81. I am grateful to Bustamante for allowing me to reproduce them here in a translated and revised form.

Name	Background	Nationality	Region
Raymond RAVAR	Senior Director of National Institute of Performing Arts and Technology (INSAS), Brussels.	Belgium	WEST EUROPE
Charles C. MARK	Director, States and Community Operations, National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities, Washington D.C.	US	N AMERICA
Roger STEVENS	Executive Office of the President, Washington D.C.	US	N AMERICA
Pierre BOURDIEU	Director of Studies at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, in charge of cultural sociology, Paris.	France	WEST EUROPE
Joffre DUMAZEDIER	Research Fellow at the National Council for Scientific Research, Paris.	France	WEST EUROPE
Pierre MOINOT	Novelist and Director General of Arts and Letters at the State Ministry for Cultural Affairs, Paris.	France	WEST EUROPE
Ivan BOLDIZSAR	Writer, Budapest.	Hungary	EAST EUROPE
Enrico PAULUCCI	Painter, and President of the Italian Committee of the International Association of Art, Turin.	Italy	WEST EUROPE
Antoine BATTAINI	Head of Cultural Affairs at the State Department of the Principality of Monaco.	Monaco	WEST EUROPE
Arthur CROVETTO	Minister Plenipotentiary, President of Monaco’s National Commission for UNESCO.	Monaco	WEST EUROPE
Stefan ZOLKIEWSKI	Professor in the Social Sciences Section of the Polish Academy of Sciences.	Poland	EAST EUROPE
Nigel ABERCROMBIE	Secretary-General, Arts Council of Great Britain.	UK	WEST EUROPE
Carl-Johan KLEBERG	Administrator at the Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs, Stockholm.	Sweden	WEST EUROPE
Mulk Raj ANAND	Writer and President, Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi.	India	ASIA
Yoichi MAEDA	Professor of French Literature at the University of Tokyo, President of the Cultural Affairs Committee of the Japanese National Commission for UNESCO.	Japan	ASIA
Yacine KATEB	Playwright, Algiers.	Algeria	ARAB STATES
Abdel Moneim EL SALAI	Under Secretary of State for Antiquities, Ministry of Culture, Cairo.	Egypt	ARAB STATES
Rafik SAID	Director of Cultural Activities in Tunisia.	Tunisia	ARAB STATES
Carlos CHAGAS	Ambassador, Permanent Delegate of Brazil to UNESCO.	Brazil	S AMERICA
Roberto MATTA	Painter	Chile	S AMERICA
Alejo CARPENTIER	Writer and Cultural Counsellor at the Cuban Embassy in Paris.	Cuba	S AMERICA
Albert HOBA	Cultural Affairs Officer in the Ministry of National Education.	Senegal	AFRICA
Ousmane SEMBENE	Film Director and writer, Dakar.	Senegal	AFRICA
Sam Joseph NTIRO	Commissioner for Culture, Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development.	Tanzania	AFRICA

m. (Prologue to Part 2, p. 163) UNESCO’s ‘MacBride Commission‘, 1980: Bustamante (2014), 238.

Name	Role	Nationality	Region
Seán MAC BRIDE	Jurist and diplomat (Commission President)	Ireland	WEST EUROPE
Élie ABEL	Journalist and dean of the School of Journalism at Columbia University	US	N AMERICA
Marshall McLuhan [replaced by Betty ZIMMERMAN]	Sociologist specialising in communication	Canada	N AMERICA
Hubert BEUVE-MÉRY	Lawyer and journalist	France	WEST EUROPE
Johannes Pieter PRONK	Economist and poltician	Holland	WEST EUROPE
Léonid Mitrofanovich ZAMIATINE [replaced by Sergei LOSEV]	Journalist and diplomat	USSR	EAST EUROPE
Bogdan OSOLNIK	Journalist and politician (member of the National Assembly)	Yugoslavia	EAST EUROPE
Elebe Ma EKONZO	Journalist, diplomat and politician	Zaïre	AFRICA
Fred Isaac Akporuaro OMU	Academic and politician (former Head of Dept. of Mass Communications)	Nigeria	AFRICA
Mochtar LUBIS	Economist, journalist and novelist	Indonesia	ASIA
Boobli George VERGHESE	Economist and journalist	India	ASIA
Michio NAGAI	Sociologist, journalist, politician (former Minister of Education)	Japan	ASIA
Mustapha MASMOUDI	Economist, politician and diplomat (Secretary of State for Information)	Tunisia	ARAB STATES
Gamal EL-OTEIFI	Journalist, lawyer, politician (former Information Minister and Vice-chair of Parliament)	Egypt	ARAB STATES
Gabriel GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ	Journalist and writer	Colombia	S AMERICA
Juan SOMAVIA	Lawyer, diplomat and scholar. Executive Director ILET	Chile	S AMERICA

n. (Prologue to Part 2, p. 167) UNESCO’s ‘De Cuellar Commission’, 1996: Bustamante (2014), 295-97.

Name	Role	Nationality	Region
Javier PÉREZ DE CUELLAR	Jurist and diplomat (Ex-Secretary General of the UN)	Peru	S AMERICA
Lourdes ARIZPE	Anthropologist (Director of the Institute of Anthropological Research of the National University of Mexico)	Mexico	S AMERICA
Celso FURTADO	Economist (former Planning Minister and former Minister of Culture, Honorary Professor of Development Economics at the University of Paris-Sorbonne)	Brazil	S AMERICA
Ole-Henrik MAGGA	Linguist (expert Sami culture, University of Oslo)	Norway	EUROPE
Nikita MIKHALKOV	Filmmaker (Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival 1991 Oscar for best foreign film in 1995)	Russia	EUROPE
Kurt FURGLER	Lawyer and economist (Vice-President of the Club of Rome)	Switzerland	EUROPE
Niki GOULANDRIS	Public Administrator (ecologist, former Secretary of State for Social Services, Honorary Vice-President of the Radio and Television)	Greece	EUROPE
Keith GRIFFIN	Economist (Professor at the University of California, Riverside, Chairman of the Board of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development)	US	EUROPE
Mahbub UL HAQ	Economist, politician and banker, especially known for creating the Human Development Index (HDI) in 1990.	Pakistan	ASIA
Chie NAKANE	Social Anthropologist and orientalist (Honorary Professor of Tokyo, President of the Japanese National Commission for UNESCO)	Japan	ASIA
Angeline KAMBA	Civil servant (Director of the National Archives)	Zimbabwe	AFRICA
Yoro K. FALL	Historian (Professor and Head of Department of History at Shikh Anta Diop University, Dakar)	Senegal	AFRICA
Leila TAKLA	Lawyer (Member of Councils for Culture and Universities, former President of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Egyptian Parliament)	Egypt	ARAB STATES

Honorary members of the ‘De Cuellar Commission’:

Name	Role	Nationality	Region
El Hassan BIN TALAL	Prince of Jordan, very committed to the causes of peace and development.	Jordan	ARAB STATES
Aung San SUU KYI	Politician (Nobel Peace Prize, 1991)	Myanmar	ASIA
Derek WALCOTT	Writer (Nobel Prize for Literature, 1992)	Saint Lucia	S AMERICA
Claude LÉVI-STRAUSS	Anthropologist (Professor at the Collège de France, member of the French Academy)	France	EUROPE
Ilya PRIGOGINE	Writer, physicist and chemist (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1977)	Belgium	EUROPE
Élie WIESEL	Writer (Nobel Peace Prize, 1986)	US	EUROPE

o. (Prologue to Part 2, p. 168) UNESCO’s advisory committee on cultural diversity in the lead up to the Declaration (2001): Bustamante (2014), 331-332.

Name	Background	Nationality	Region
Serge KANCEL	Public Administrator, Project Manager at the General Inspectorate of the Administration of Cultural affairs. Inspectorate Department of Culture and Communication	France	EUROPE
Dan HAULICA	Literary critic, Ambassador, Permanent Delegate of Romania to UNESCO	Romania	EUROPE
José PÉREZ LÁZARO	Deputy Director General for International Cultural Cooperation (Secretary of State for Culture)	Spain	EUROPE
Tamara POURTROVA	Deputy Director of the State Russian House of Folk Arts	Russia	EUROPE
Boleslaw SULIK	Film director, journalist, and former President of the Polish National Council for Radio and Television (TVP SA)	Poland	EUROPE
Vassilis VASSILIKOS	Writer, Ambassador, Permanent Delegate of Greece to UNESCO	Greece	EUROPE
Masanori AOYAGI	Professor of Classical Archaeology at the University of Tokyo, Member of the Japanese National Commission for UNESCO	Japan	ASIA
Hossein AZIMI	Economist, Department of Centre for Advanced Economic Studies, Islamic Azad University, Iran	Iran	ASIA
Rosario G. MANALO	Career diplomat (political scientist), Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines in charge of International Economic Relations (1997-2001), Permanent Representative of the Philippines to UNESCO (1990-1994)	Philippines	ASIA
Khélifa CHATER	Public Administrator, Director General of the National Library of Tunis	Tunisia	ARAB STATES
Sami KHACHABA	Editor, and head of cultural reporting at Al-Ahram daily	Egypt	ARAB STATES
Aïd AL DAHYAT	University Professor, President of the University Mutah	Jordan	ARAB STATES
Luís António COVANE	Politician, Minister of Culture	Mozambique	AFRICA
John P.O. IGUE	Minister of Industry and Small and Medium Enterprises and Professor of Geography	Benin	AFRICA
Daniel NDAGALE	Politician, Commissioner for Culture at the Ministry of Education and Culture	Tanzania	AFRICA
Miguel LEÓN-PORTILLA	Anthropologist and diplomat, former Permanent Delegate of Mexico to UNESCO	Mexico	S AMERICA
Luis Guillermo LUMBRERAS SALCEDO	Director of the Indian Institute of Archaeological Studies of Lima and Professor of the National University of San Marcos	Peru	S AMERICA
Antonio RUDDER	Culture and Commerce Committee	Barbados	S AMERICA

p. (Prologue to Part 2, p. 170) UNESCO’s advisory committee on cultural diversity in the lead up to the Convention (2005): Bustamante (2014), 368.

Name	Background	Nationality	Region
Ivan BERNIER	Professor of International Law	Canada	N AMERICA
Tyler COWEN	Professor of Cultural Economics	US	N AMERICA
Mihaly FICSOR	Professor of International Law	Hungary	EUROPE
Jean MUSITELLI	French diplomat, former state councilor and member of the Board of the Institute of International and Strategic Relations	France	EUROPE
Alexandre SADOVNIKOV	Professor of International Law	Russia	EUROPE
Sabine VON SCHORLEMER	Professor of International Law	Germany	EUROPE
Toshiyuki KONO	Professor of International Law	Japan	ASIA
Bhikhu PAREKH	Professor of Political Science	India	ASIA
David THROSBY	Professor of Cultural Economics	Australia	ASIA
Georges ABI-SAAB	Professor of International Law	Egypt	ARAB STATES
Amin MAALOUF	Writer	Lebanon	ARAB STATES

q. (Chapter 4, p. 174) Front cover and editorial for Es’kia Mphahele’s The Voice of Africa, II.8 (December 1950). (Source: The South African National Library).

 

r. (Chapter 5, p. 192) Afrikaans student marginalia from the 1972 school edition of F. A. Venter‘s Swart Pelgrim (1958). The notes say: ‘I like this book a lot. It shows me how the Bantu live and how much they love their families. And how they want to be like whites.’

 

s. (Chapter 7, p. 229) The front matter and Arvind Krishna Mehrotra’s editorial ‘statement’ from damn you 6 (1968), p. 1. For a PDF of all six issues of damn you, click here: damn you 1-6. The magazine is part of the collection of Mehrotra’s papers held at The Rare and Manuscript Collections Carl A. Kroch Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. YouTube interview: Mehrotra discusses the fate of Indian languages with Souradeep Roy (August 2018); YouTube interview: Mehrotra discusses Kabir with Souradeep Roy (September 2018). See also Laetitia Zecchini, ‘Trafficked! Indian-American little magazine networks and the Arvind Krishna Mehrotra / Howard McCord correspondence‘, Post45, 6 June 2023.

t. (Chapter 7, p. 241) The front and back covers of Arun Kolatkar’s Jejuri (1976) in its original Clearing House edition designed by Kolatkar himself. The ‘religious’ front cover depicts Khandoba, the Hindu god celebrated in the pilgrimage town of Jejuri in the western state of Maharashtra; while the ‘secular’ back cover is based on ‘the setting sun’, the final poem in the sequence called ‘The Railway Station’, which describes the sun touching ‘the horizon/at a point where the rails/like the parallels of a prophecy/appear to meet.’ Clearing House was a Bombay-based writers’ publishing collective. Image reproduced by permission of Adil Jussawalla. For a further account of Kolatkar and his context, see Anjali Nerlekar, Bombay Modern: Arun Kolatkar and Bilingual Literary Culture (Northwestern University Press, 2016); and Laetitia Zecchini, Arun Kolatkar and Literary Modernism in India (Bloomsbury, 2014).

u. (Chapter 8, p. 244) Marginal notes on p. 101 of Rushdie’s The Satanic Verses (1988) faxed by the Islamic Foundation based in Leicester in the UK to Muslim organisations around the world, now among the archives of the apartheid censors in South Africa: see file P88/10/144, Directorate of Publications, Western Cape Provincial Archives and Records, Cape Town, South Africa. To see a PDF of all the marginal notes on the fax, which is dated 21 October 1988, click here: Verses marginalia. For more on the ‘Rushdie Affair’, see The Literature Police (Oxford, 2009), especially the Postscript, and Anshuman A. Mondal, Islam and Controversy (Palgrave, 2014), especially Chapter 4.

v. (Chapter 8, p. 256) The following image shows the charcoal self-portrait entitled ‘Ulysses’ (1988) by the Indian Expressionist painter F. N. Souza that provided part of the inspiration for Amit Chaudhuri’s Odysseus Abroad (2014). For Chaudhuri’s reflections on this, and on the process of writing, see ‘The Moment of Writing‘, the Paris Review, 10 May 2018; and for more on Souza and his generation, see Ratik Asokan, ‘The Modern Art of Independent India‘, NYRDaily, January 2019. To hear Chaudhuri reflect on the phrase ‘my people’ and the question of categories in ways relevant to the discussion in this chapter, click here.

w. (Chapter 8, p. 260) A classically-trained Indian singer, Chaudhuri has a parallel career as a musician in which he has developed other ways of hovering between cultures without firmly settling down one way or the other, or seeking to achieve some kind of fusion. In the piece that follows, which is entitled ‘The Layla riff to Todi’, he moves musically between Eric Clapton’s ‘Layla‘ and the classical raga Todi, keeping both in play without according either a prior or normative status, much as he keeps the legacies of Tagore and Joyce alive in Odysseus Abroad while nonetheless producing a work entirely his own. The track comes from Chaudhuri’s first album This is not fusion (2010).

x. (Postscript, p. 265) The following images relate to Xu Bing’s 天书/ Tiānshū or Book from the Sky (1988). The first shows the complete installation with Buddhist sutras or scrolls hanging from the ceiling, over a hundred traditional paper-bound and thread-stitched books, neatly set out across the gallery floor, and modern poster-style newspapers covering the walls. The second contains examples of the pseudo-characters used throughout, and the third shows the woodblocks on which they were originally carved. For a guide to Xu Bing’s oeuvre, click here.

 

 

y.  (Postscript, p. 267) To see images of Xu Bing’s Monkeys Grasp for the Moon (2001/8) installations, click here. For The Living Word (2001/2), click here.

z. (Postscript, p. 268) The following images show various aspects of Xu Bing’s Book from the Ground (2007-) in its book version from the cover to the initial inside pages. For more on the project and to buy the book, click here.